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Most commonly, the bands of thread which extend beyond the top and bottom edges of the text block at either end of the spine.
Originally, headbands were an integral part of the binding, consisting of silk thread twisted around a thong (leather strap) core and laced into the boards of the book. This process later devolved into a less functional, more ornamental purpose. Today's headbands are typically manufactured separately or formed by sewing thread into the book after the binding process - that is, no core is present. In lower quality books headbands are either glued into place or not present at all.
It's important to note that well-made headbands, though no longer serving their original purpose, are nonetheless effective in protecting the vulnerable ends of the spine covering material from damage due to careless handling and normal wear and tear. Like dovetails in drawers, their presence is an indication of quality.
Library bindings typically differ from edition bindings in that, instead of a headband, cords are rolled into the covering material used for the boards.
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